Hypothesis
Retention of the virus-derived sequences in the nuclear genome of grapevine as a potential pathway to virus resistance
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* Corresponding author: Christophe Bertsch christophe.bertsch@uha.fr
- † Equal contributors
1 Université de Haute-Alsace, Laboratoire Vigne Biotechnologie et Environement EA 3991, 33 rue de Herrlisheim 68000 Colmar, France
2 INRA, UMR 1131 Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, 28 rue de Herrlisheim, BP20507, 68000 Colmar, France
3 Université de Strasbourg, UMR 1131, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
4 Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
Biology Direct 2009, 4:21 doi:10.1186/1745-6150-4-21
Published: 26 June 2009Abstract
Background
Previous studies have revealed a wide-spread occurence of the partial and complete genomes of the reverse-transcribing pararetroviruses in the nuclear genomes of herbaceous plants. Although the absence of the virus-encoded integrases attests to the random and incidental incorporation of the viral sequences, their presence could have functional implications for the virus-host interactions.
Hypothesis
Analyses of two nuclear genomes of grapevine revealed multiple events of horizontal gene transfer from pararetroviruses. The ~200–800 bp inserts that corresponded to partial ORFs encoding reverse transcriptase apparently derived from unknown or extinct caulimoviruses and tungroviruses, were found in 11 grapevine chromosomes. In contrast to the previous reports, no reliable cases of the inserts derived from the positive-strand RNA viruses were found. Because grapevine is known to be infected by the diverse positive-strand RNA viruses, but not pararetroviruses, we hypothesize that pararetroviral inserts have conferred host resistance to these viruses. Furthermore, we propose that such resistance involves RNA interference-related mechanisms acting via small RNA-mediated methylation of pararetroviral DNAs and/or via degradation of the viral mRNAs.
Conclusion
The pararetroviral sequences in plant genomes may be maintained due to the benefits of virus resistance to this class of viruses conferred by their presence. Such resistance could be particularly significant for the woody plants that must withstand years- to centuries-long virus assault. Experimental research into the RNA interference pathways involving the integrated pararetroviral inserts is required to test this hypothesis.
Reviewers
This article was reviewed by Arcady R. Mushegian, I. King Jordan, and Eugene V. Koonin.