Biology Direct

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Extensive parallelism in protein evolution

Georgii A Bazykin, Fyodor A Kondrashov, Michael Brudno, Alexander Poliakov, Inna Dubchak and Alexey S Kondrashov*

Biology Direct 2007, 2:20 doi:10.1186/1745-6150-2-20

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Hypothesis   Open Access

Occurrence of cancer at multiple sites: Towards distinguishing multigenesis from metastasis

Wei-Kang Zhang, Chun Zhang, Jing J Zhang, Shi V Liu Biology Direct 2008, 3:14 (11 April 2008)

Research   Open Access

Homoplasy in genome-wide analysis of rare amino acid replacements: the molecular-evolutionary basis for Vavilov's law of homologous series

Igor B Rogozin, Karen Thomson, Miklós Csürös, Liran Carmel, Eugene V Koonin Biology Direct 2008, 3:7 (17 March 2008)

Homoplasy denotes the same (parallel) mutations occurring independently in different lineages. It is a scourge of phylogenetic methods. Here, however, it is shown that homoplasy is also an interesting evolutionary phenomenon. Homplasy seems, at least, in part, to underlie the so-called homologous series of phenotypic variation occurring in different, particularly, closely related lineages, an effect first described by the famous Russian geneticict Vavilov some 90 years ago.